udocker is a basic user tool to execute simple docker containers in user space without requiring root privileges. Enables download and execution of docker containers by non-privileged users in Linux systems where docker is not available. It can be used to pull and execute docker containers in Linux batch systems and interactive clusters that are managed by other entities such as grid infrastructures or externally managed batch or interactive systems.

udocker does not require any type of privileges nor the deployment of services by system administrators. It can be downloaded and executed entirely by the end user. The limited root functionality provided by some of the udocker execution modes is either simulated or provided via user namespaces.

udocker is a wrapper around several tools and libraries to mimic a subset of the docker capabilities including pulling images and running containers with minimal functionality.

The full documentation is available at:

• udocker documentation
• Installation manual
• User manual
• Reference card

udocker is written in Python, it has a minimal set of dependencies so that can be executed in a wide range of Linux systems.

udocker does not make use of docker nor requires its presence.

udocker "executes" the containers by simply providing a chroot like environment over the extracted container. The current implementation supports different methods to mimic chroot thus enabling execution of containers under a chroot like environment without requiring privileges. udocker transparently supports several methods to execute the containers based on external tools and libraries such as:

• PRoot
• Fakechroot
• runc
• crun
• Singularity

With the exception of Singularity the tools and libraries to support execution are downloaded and deployed by udocker during the installation process. This installation is performed in the user home directory and does not require privileges. The udocker related files such as libraries, executables, documentation, licenses, container images and extracted directory trees are placed by default under $HOME/.udocker.

• Can be deployed by the end-user
• Does not require privileges for installation
• Does not require privileges for execution
• Does not require compilation, just transfer the Python code
• Encapsulates several tools and execution methods
• Includes the required tools already statically compiled to work across systems
• Provides a docker like command line interface
• Supports a subset of docker commands: search, pull, import, export, load, save, login, logout, create and run
• Understands docker container metadata
• Allows loading of docker and OCI containers
• Supports NVIDIA GPGPU applications
• Can execute in systems and environments where Linux namespaces support is unavailable
• Runs both on new and older Linux distributions including: CentOS 6, CentOS 7, CentOS 8, Ubuntu 14, Ubuntu 16, Ubuntu 18, Ubuntu 20, Ubuntu 21, Alpine, Fedora, etc

Since v1.3.0, udocker supports Python 2.6, 2.7 and Python >= 3.6. The original udocker v1.1.x for Python 2 is no longer maintained but is still available here.

        Commands:
          search <repo/expression>      :Search dockerhub for container images
          pull <repo/image:tag>         :Pull container image from dockerhub
          create <repo/image:tag>       :Create container from a pulled image
          run <container>               :Execute container
          run <repo/image:tag>          :Pull, create and execute container

          images -l                     :List container images
          ps -m -s                      :List created containers
          name <container_id> <name>    :Give name to container
          rmname <name>                 :Delete name from container
          rename <name> <new_name>      :Change container name
          clone <container_id>          :Duplicate container
          rm <container-id>             :Delete container
          rmi <repo/image:tag>          :Delete image
          tag <repo/image:tag> <repo2/image2:tag2> :Tag image

          import <tar> <repo/image:tag> :Import tar file (exported by docker)
          import - <repo/image:tag>     :Import from stdin (exported by docker)
          export -o <tar> <container>   :Export container directory tree
          export - <container>          :Export container directory tree
          load -i <imagefile>           :Load image from file (saved by docker)
          load                          :Load image from stdin (saved by docker)
          save -o <imagefile> <repo/image:tag>  :Save image with layers to file

          inspect <repo/image:tag>      :Return low level information on image
          inspect -p <container>        :Return path to container location
          verify <repo/image:tag>       :Verify a pulled or loaded image
          manifest inspect <repo/image:tag> :Print manifest metadata

          protect <repo/image:tag>      :Protect repository
          unprotect <repo/image:tag>    :Unprotect repository
          protect <container>           :Protect container
          unprotect <container>         :Unprotect container

          mkrepo <top-repo-dir>         :Create another repository in location
          setup                         :Change container execution settings
          login                         :Login into docker repository
          logout                        :Logout from docker repository

          help                          :This help
          run --help                    :Command specific help
          version                       :Shows udocker version

        Options common to all commands must appear before the command:
          -D                            :Debug
          --quiet                       :Less verbosity
          --repo=<directory>            :Use repository at directory
          --insecure                    :Allow insecure non authenticated https
          --allow-root                  :Allow execution by root NOT recommended

Some examples of usage:

Search container images in dockerhub and listing tags.

udocker search  fedora
udocker search  ubuntu
udocker search  debian

udocker search --list-tags ubuntu

Pull from dockerhub and list the pulled images.

udocker pull   fedora:39
udocker pull   busybox
udocker pull   iscampos/openqcd
udocker images

Pull from a registry other than dockerhub.

udocker search  quay.io/bio
udocker search  --list-tags  quay.io/biocontainers/scikit-bio
udocker pull    quay.io/biocontainers/scikit-bio:0.2.3--np112py35_0
udocker images

Pull a different architecture such as arm64 instead of amd64.

udocker manifest inspect centos/centos8
udocker pull --platform=linux/arm64 centos/centos8
udocker tag centos/centos8  mycentos/centos8:arm64

Create a container from a pulled image, assign a name to the created container and run it. A created container can be run multiple times until it is explicitly removed. Files modified or added to the container remain available across executions until the container is removed.

udocker create --name=myfed  fedora:29
udocker run  myfed  cat /etc/redhat-release

The three steps of pulling, creating and running can be also achieved in a single command, however this will be much slower for multiple invocations of the same container, as a new container will be created for each invocation. This approach will also consume more storage space. The following example creates a new container for each invocation.

udocker run  fedora:29  cat /etc/redhat-release

Execute mounting the host /home/u457 into the container directory /home/cuser. Notice that you can "mount" any host directory inside the container. Depending on the execution mode the "mount" is implemented differently and may have restrictions.

udocker run -v /home/u457:/home/cuser -w /home/user myfed  /bin/bash
udocker run -v /var -v /proc -v /sys -v /tmp  myfed  /bin/bash

Place a script in your host /tmp and execute it in the container. Notice that the behavior of --entrypoint changed from the previous versions for better compatibility with docker.

udocker run  -v /tmp  --entrypoint="" myfed  /bin/bash -c 'cd /tmp; ./myscript.sh'

udocker run  -v /tmp  --entrypoint=/bin/bash  myfed  -c 'cd /tmp; ./myscript.sh'

Execute mounting the host /var, /proc, /sys and /tmp in the same container directories. Notice that the content of these container directories will be obfuscated by the host files.

udocker run -v /var -v /proc -v /sys -v /tmp  myfed  /bin/bash

Install software inside the container.

udocker run  --user=root myfed  yum install -y firefox pulseaudio gnash-plugin

Run as some user. The usernames should exist in the container.

udocker run --user 1000:1001  myfed  /bin/id
udocker run --user root   myfed  /bin/id
udocker run --user jorge  myfed  /bin/id

Running Firefox.

udocker run --bindhome --hostauth --hostenv \
   -v /sys -v /proc -v /var/run -v /dev --user=jorge --dri myfed  firefox

Change execution engine mode from PRoot to Fakechroot and run.

udocker setup  --execmode=F3  myfed

udocker run --bindhome --hostauth --hostenv \
   -v /sys -v /proc -v /var/run -v /dev --user=jorge --dri myfed  firefox

Change execution engine mode to accelerated PRoot.

udocker setup  --execmode=P1  myfed

Change execution engine to runc.

udocker setup  --execmode=R1  myfed

Change execution engine to Singularity. Requires the availability of Singularity in the host system.

./udocker setup  --execmode=S1  myfed

Install software running as root emulation in Singularity:

udocker setup  --execmode=S1  myfed
udocker run  --user=root myfed  yum install -y firefox pulseaudio gnash-plugin

Change execution to enable nvidia ready applications. Requires that the nvidia drivers are installed in the host system.

udocker setup  --nvidia  mytensorflow

By default udocker via PRoot offers the emulation of the root user. This emulation mimics a real root user (e.g getuid will return 0). This is just an emulation no root privileges are involved. This feature makes possible the execution of some tools that do not require actual privileges but which refuse to work if the username or id are not root or 0. This enables for instance software installation using rpm, yum or dnf inside the container.

udocker does not offer robust isolation features such as the ones offered by docker. Therefore if the containers content is not trusted then these containers should not be executed with udocker as they will run inside the user environment. For this reason udocker should not be run by privileged users.

Container images and filesystems will be unpacked and stored in the user home directory under $HOME/.udocker or other location of choice. Therefore the containers data will be subjected to the same filesystem protections as other files owned by the user. If the containers have sensitive information the files and directories should be adequately protected by the user.

udocker does not require privileges and runs under the identity of the user invoking it. Users can downloaded udocker and execute it without requiring system administrators intervention.

udocker also provides execution with runc, crun and Singularity, these modes make use of rootless namespaces and enable a normal user to execute as root with the limitations that apply to user namespaces and to these tools.

When executed by normal unprivileged users, udocker limits privilege escalation issues since it does not use or require system privileges.

Since root privileges are not involved any operation that really requires such privileges will not be possible. The following are examples of operations that are not possible:

• accessing host protected devices and files
• listening on TCP/IP privileged ports (range below 1024)
• mount file-systems
• the su command will not work
• change the system time
• changing routing tables, firewall rules, or network interfaces

If the containers require such privilege capabilities then docker should be used instead.

udocker is not meant to create containers. Creation of containers is better performed using docker and dockerfiles.

udocker does not provide all the docker features, and is not intended as a docker replacement.

udocker is mainly oriented at providing a run-time environment for containers execution in user space. udocker is particularly suited to run user applications encapsulated in docker containers.

Debugging or using strace with the PRoot engine will not work as both the debuggers and PRoot use the same tracing mechanism.

udocker offers multiple execution modes leveraging several external tools such as PRoot (P mode), Fakechroot (F mode), runC (R mode), crun (R mode) and Singularity (S mode).

When using execution Fakechroot modes such as F2, F3 and F4 the created containers cannot be moved across hosts. In this case convert back to a Pn mode before transfer. This is not needed if the hosts are part of an homogeneous cluster where the mount points and directory structure is the same. This limitation applies whenever the absolute realpath to the container directory changes.

The default accelerated mode of PRoot (mode P1) may exhibit problems in Linux kernels above 4.0 due to kernel changes and upstream issues, in this case use mode P2 or any of the other execution modes.

./udocker setup  --execmode=P2  my-container-id

The Fakechroot modes (Fn modes) require shared libraries compiled against the libc shipped with the container. udocker provides these libraries for several Linux distributions, these shared libraries are installed by udocker under:

$HOME/.udocker/lib/libfakechroot-*

The runc and crun modes (R modes) require a kernel with user namespaces enabled.

The singularity mode (S mode) requires the availability of Singularity in the host system. Singularity is not shipped with udocker.

The codemeta.json metadata file was initially generated with codemetapy package:

codemetapy udocker --with-orcid --affiliation "LIP Lisbon" \
  --buildInstructions "https://https://github.com/indigo-dc/udocker/blob/master/docs/installation_manual.md#3-source-code-and-build" \
  --citation "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.05.021" \
  --codeRepository "https://github.com/indigo-dc/udocker" \
  --contIntegration "https://jenkins.eosc-synergy.eu/job/indigo-dc/job/udocker/job/master/" --contributor "Mario David" \
  --copyrightHolder "LIP"  --copyrightYear "2016" --creator "Jorge Gomes" \
  --dateCreated "2021-05-26" --maintainer "Jorge Gomes" \
  --readme "https://github.com/indigo-dc/udocker/blob/master/README.md" \
  --referencePublication "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.05.021" \
  --releaseNotes "https://github.com/indigo-dc/udocker/blob/master/changelog" \
  -O codemeta.json

Further updates may be needed to add the correct values in the metadata file.

See: Contributing

See: Citing

When citing udocker please use the following:

• Jorge Gomes, Emanuele Bagnaschi, Isabel Campos, Mario David, Luís Alves, João Martins, João Pina, Alvaro López-García, Pablo Orviz, Enabling rootless Linux Containers in multi-user environments: The udocker tool, Computer Physics Communications, Available online 6 June 2018, ISSN 0010-4655, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.05.021

Redistribution, commercial use and code changes must regard all licenses shipped with udocker. These include the udocker license and the individual licences of the external tools and libraries packaged for use with udocker. For further information see the software licenses section of the installation manual.

• Docker https://www.docker.com/
• PRoot https://proot-me.github.io/
• Fakechroot https://github.com/dex4er/fakechroot/wiki
• Patchelf https://github.com/NixOS/patchelf
• runC https://runc.io/
• crun https://github.com/containers/crun
• Singularity https://www.sylabs.io/
• Open Container Initiative https://www.opencontainers.org/
• INDIGO DataCloud https://www.indigo-datacloud.eu
• DEEP-Hybrid-DataCloud https://deep-hybrid-datacloud.eu
• EOSC-hub https://eosc-hub.eu
• EGI-ACE https://www.egi.eu/projects/egi-ace/
• EOSC-Synergy https://www.eosc-synergy.eu/
• DT-Geo https://dtgeo.eu/
• LIP https://www.lip.pt
• INCD https://www.incd.pt

This work was performed in the framework of the H2020 project INDIGO-Datacloud (RIA 653549) and further developed with co-funding by the projects EOSC-hub (Horizon 2020) under Grant number 777536, DEEP-Hybrid-DataCloud (Horizon 2020) under Grant number 777435, DT-Geo (Horizon Europe) under Grant number 101058129. Software Quality Assurance is performed with the support of by the project EOSC-Synergy (Horizon 2020). The authors wish to acknowleadge the support of INCD-Infraestrutura Nacional de Computação Distribuída (funded by FCT, P2020, Lisboa2020, COMPETE and FEDER under the project number 22153-01/SAICT/2016).